Roxana 2

content/article/roksana.md

@@ -1,19 +1,7 @@
 ---
-title: "The Art of the Revolution: The Online and Offline Perception of
+title: "The Art of Revolution: The Online and Offline Perception of Communication during the Uprisings in Sudan in 2018 and 2019"
-Communication­­ during the Uprisings in Sudan in 2018 and 2019"
 authors: ["roksanahajduga.md"]
-abstract: The article deals with art from the Sudanese revolution in 2018 and 2019
+abstract: The article deals with art from the Sudanese revolution in 2018 and 2019 (the December Revolution). The focus is on the most recognizable and widespread images from the uprising and their presence on the streets of Sudanese cities and social media. The article shows how freedom of expression exploded on the Sudanese streets after years of censorship, suppression, and violations of freedom of speech, media, and civil rights. Art and social media had significant roles in covering the uprising. Issues related to the importance and value of art in transmitting social discourse and dissent in a tightly controlled society are raised. These issues should be the subject of wider research on conflict and social media in Sudan. This article focuses only on a small part of this vast and important topic.
-(the December Revolution). The focus is on the most recognizable and
-widespread images from the uprising and their presence on the streets of
-Sudanese cities and social media. The article shows how freedom of
-expression exploded on the Sudanese streets after years of censorship,
-suppression, and violations of freedom of speech, media, and civil
-rights. Art and social media had significant roles in covering the
-uprising. Issues related to the importance and value of art in
-transmitting social discourse and dissent in a tightly controlled
-society are raised. These issues should be the subject of wider research
-on conflict and social media in Sudan. This article focuses only on a
-small part of this vast and important topic.
 keywords: ["Sudan", "revolution", "uprising", "street art", "social media",
 "protests", "murals", "graffiti", "images", "iconic"]
 ---
@@ -36,7 +24,7 @@ how it provided new tools to overcome the repression imposed by the
 regime and allowed quick, safe, and anonymous going out from hiding as
 public opposition.
 
-**Methodology**
+# Methodology
 
 In this study, I will use an analytical approach to examine articles and
 social media concerning the 2018/2019 December Revolution in Sudan.
@@ -66,7 +54,7 @@ cartoons, etc. I have chosen the most frequently reproduced artworks and
 the creations that had the longest impact on public opinion, because
 over time these have become symbols of the revolution.
 
-**Politics and Social-Economic Context**
+# Politics and Social-Economic Context
 
 The concept of revolution and the struggle to gain freedom is not a new
 phenomenon in Sudan. In 1964, the first president of Sudan, Ibrahim
@@ -290,7 +278,7 @@ leadership and calls for the dissolution of the government. Meanwhile,
 citizens continue to demand a civilian government with full executive
 powers.
 
-**Art beyond Divisions and Prejudices**
+# Art beyond Divisions and Prejudices
 
 The core of the uprising and the source of its strength was the equality
 of all Sudanese people. No protests in Sudan had previously included
@@ -509,7 +497,7 @@ Lisa', but her face is that of a Sudanese woman with a scarf on her head
 and a rocket launcher in her hands (Figure 20). This simple image has a
 powerful and direct message: beware of women's power.
 
-**Online Art**
+# Online Art
 
 A new generation of young activists looks back to the Girifna movement,
 founded by students in Khartoum in 2009, for inspiration. Their fight
@@ -731,7 +719,7 @@ capture the icons of the Sudan Revolution. One of these 3D models,
 posted on Merghani's Twitter account, commemorated the courage of Rifka
 \'Bumban Catcher'.[^77]
 
-**Street Art**
+# Street Art
 
 During the uprising, alongside regular verbal and written communication,
 a flood of sketches, murals, graffiti, and cartoons spread the word
@@ -882,7 +870,7 @@ and hashtags spread the message of the revolution (Figure 46). Street
 art became popular and functioned as a reference to political ideas and
 the current situation in the country.
 
-**Summary**
+# Summary
 
 The 2018/2019 revolution in Sudan was one of the most significant and
 best-organized revolts in the Arab world in recent years. There were
@@ -983,7 +971,7 @@ have already been noticed in August 2021, when the inflation decreased
 by 35 points. International media were talking about stabilization in
 the country.
 
-**2022 update. The conflict in Sudan is not over.**
+# 2022 update. The conflict in Sudan is not over.
 
 In October 2021 the Sudanese army carried out a coup against the
 civilian leadership. Prime Minister Adballa Hamdook and his cabinet were
@@ -1003,45 +991,45 @@ local activism in Sudan is a phenomenon that continues to grow and reach
 even larger circles. Protests re-emerged and Sudanese people demand a
 constitution and a democratically elected government.
 
-**Bibliography**
+# Bibliography
 
-ABDEL AZIZ, Azza Ahmed. *The Third Sudanese Revolution Reinstates Women
+Abdel Aziz, Azza Ahmed. *The Third Sudanese Revolution Reinstates Women
 from All Walks of Life onto the Map of Sudanese Public Life.*
 https://noria-research.com/the-third-sudanese-revolution-reinstates-women/.
 
-AFRICA NEWS. *Sudan Protest Hub: Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear Gassed in
+Africa News. *Sudan Protest Hub: Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear Gassed in
 Omdurman*, Africanews, January 2, 2019.
 https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/01/police-clashes-with-sudanese-protesting-a-state-of-emergency-in-atbara/.
 
-ANONYMOUS. *We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of Sudanese
+Anonymous. *We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of Sudanese
 Youth Activists.*
 https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/we-are-fed-up-power-of-new-generation-of-sudanese-youth-activists/.
 
-BERRIDGE, W. J. *Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs'
+Berridge, W. J. *Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs'
 of 1964 and 1985.* A modern history of politics and violence. London:
 Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015.
 
-BIOR, Ayen. *Sudan's Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir's
+Bior, Ayen. *Sudan's Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir's
 Ouster.*
 https://www.voanews.com/archive/sudans-social-media-deemed-major-player-bashirs-ouster.
 
-BISHAI, Linda & ELSHAMI, Azaz. *"We Are All Darfur!" -- Sudan's Unity
+Bishai, Linda & ELSHAMI, Azaz. *"We Are All Darfur!" -- Sudan's Unity
 Protests Stand a Real Chance. Time for the West to Step up*.
 https://www.justsecurity.org/62404/we-darfur-sudans-unity-protests-stand-real-chance-time-west-step-up/.
 
-BOLATITO, Aina-Obe Shamsuddin. *Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes
+Bolatito, Aina-Obe Shamsuddin. *Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes
 and Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change*, 2019.
 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502891.
 
-BROWN, Marie Grace. *History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White
+Brown, Marie Grace. *History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White
 Tobe*.
 https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2019/05/history-stands-alongside-the-woman-in-the-white-tobe.html.
 
-CAPRON, Alexandre. *In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests
+Capron, Alexandre. *In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests
 Turned into Art*. The Observers - France 24, January 17, 2019.
 https://observers.france24.com/en/20190117-sudan-tear-gas-protests-art.
 
-CARMICHAEL, Flora & PINNELL, Owen. *How Fake News from Sudan's Regime
+Carmichael, Flora & PINNELL, Owen. *How Fake News from Sudan's Regime
 Backfired*. *BBC News*, April 25, 2019.
 https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-47899076.