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@ -30,8 +30,11 @@ As workers’ struggles and unionization efforts grew stronger and stronger acro
In this section, we look into the history of managerial techniques and the historical circumstances that lead to the introduction of the MTM method at Lebole.
![](static/images/metodo_americano_1.png)
![](static/images/metodo_americano_2.png)
![](static/images/metodo_americano_3.png)
![](static/images/metodo_americano_4.png)
# They call it Scientific Management: From Taylor to MTM
@ -49,9 +52,6 @@ The Scientific Organization of Work is a book published in 1911 by Frederick Win
The word "Taylorism" refers to Taylor's approach to managing industrial plants and it also has a pejorative meaning given that this method appropriates workers' knowledge and skills in order to use these against them.
![](static/images/Battere_le_ciglia_a_comando.png)
## The Gilbreths: productivity in the household
Amongst the new breed of "scientific managers" were a couple of American engineers, Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth, who became influential efficiency experts by pioneering the Motion Study method. The Gilbreths created a research methodology based on the examination of "work movements," which included filming a worker's actions and body position while keeping track of the time. They called the units of work they measured the therbligs (an anagram of their last name), each one a mere one-thousandth of a second.
@ -104,14 +104,6 @@ The method was first introduced in the USA in the 1948 by H.B. Maynard, JL Schwa
![](static/images/Shake.png)
Italy was the second country in Western capitalist Europe (after the UK, 1948) to achieve the right to a public healthcare system in 1978. To these days, the Italian national healthcare system remains an odd story of success despite many counter-reforms. As Chiara Giorgi noted,
> According to the 2017 OECD data, life expectancy at birth in Italy is 83.1 years, compared to the 80.9 years of the European Union average: but the total health expenditure per inhabitant is 2,483 euros, against 2,884 of the average EU (a 15% gap). It is a paradox worth probing that the European country with the longest life expectancy has achieved this result with reduced spending.
>
[Chiara Giorgi, Rediscovering the roots of public health services. Lessons from Italy, OpenDemocracy, 24 March 2020](https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/rediscovering-roots-public-health-services-lessons-italy/)
However, in the ‘60s, the national health conditions were dire. Italy had an average was of one death in the workplace per hour and one accident per minute (by comparison, today there are 3 deaths per day and 800.000 accidents per year). So in the ‘60s, as the country was undergoing massive industrialization, the idea of a “class war” was really a reality that workers could witness every day. And these were only numbers linked to direct deaths at work, without taking into consideration the indirect effects of environmental degradation and chronic conditions that begun to flare up at the time.
In Italy, the first experiments with MTM methods are introduced by a company called BEDAUX CONSULTANTS. In the early 1970s, Luigi Firrao authored a long exposè for the newspaper *Il Manifesto*, in which he retraced the companies’ early moves: