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@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ conclude this modest contribution on warfare in Christian Nubia.
One of the most impressive documents of legal practice from Christian One of the most impressive documents of legal practice from Christian
Nubia is a Royal Proclamation found at Qasr Ibrim (P.QI 3 30) and dated Nubia is a Royal Proclamation found at Qasr Ibrim (P.QI 3 30) and dated
to the 23^rd^ of August 1155.[^15] Through this legal act, king Moses to the 23rd of August 1155.[^15] Through this legal act, king Moses
George proclaims the rights and privileges of the church of Saint George proclaims the rights and privileges of the church of Saint
Epimachos at Ibrim West.[^16] The king threatens anyone who "speaks Epimachos at Ibrim West.[^16] The king threatens anyone who "speaks
against and denies my statement" (P.QI 3 30, l. 30) that Epimachos will against and denies my statement" (P.QI 3 30, l. 30) that Epimachos will
@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ pagans and the threat of the old religion.
This identification is relevant for the purpose of this paper, when one This identification is relevant for the purpose of this paper, when one
considers that Mercurios was the name of a very important royal figure considers that Mercurios was the name of a very important royal figure
in the history of medieval Nubia: King Mercurios ruled during the turn in the history of medieval Nubia: King Mercurios ruled during the turn
from the 7^th^ to the 8^th^ century and the *History of the Patriarchs from the 7th to the 8th century and the *History of the Patriarchs
of Alexandria* calls him the New Constantine, who "became by his of Alexandria* calls him the New Constantine, who "became by his
beautiful conduct like one of the Disciples".[^32] Although this beautiful conduct like one of the Disciples".[^32] Although this
characterization has been linked with the annexation of Nobadia by characterization has been linked with the annexation of Nobadia by
@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ duces in Egypt,[^46] often composed of mercenaries, also including
"Ethiopians", a term used for the peoples leaving south of Egypt, but "Ethiopians", a term used for the peoples leaving south of Egypt, but
which remains vague whether it denoted in the medieval era the Nubians which remains vague whether it denoted in the medieval era the Nubians
or the inhabitants of modern-day Ethiopia or both.[^47] The meaning or the inhabitants of modern-day Ethiopia or both.[^47] The meaning
"guard" for hypaspistēs appears also in Byzantine sources of the 11^th^ "guard" for hypaspistēs appears also in Byzantine sources of the 11th
century,[^48] while in later times the hypaspistēs were important century,[^48] while in later times the hypaspistēs were important
individuals close to the ruler, sort of retainers of the king. individuals close to the ruler, sort of retainers of the king.
Interestingly, the most renowned chronicle of the Fall of Constantinople Interestingly, the most renowned chronicle of the Fall of Constantinople
@ -338,10 +338,10 @@ referring to Christian Nubia, where the king always appears as the
leader of the Nubian armies. We could look for example at this same king leader of the Nubian armies. We could look for example at this same king
Moses George who stamped with hot iron a cross on the hand of the Moses George who stamped with hot iron a cross on the hand of the
emissary of none less than Saladin, when he was asked to subdue and emissary of none less than Saladin, when he was asked to subdue and
convert to Islam[^50]; or much earlier in the 8^th^ century, when king convert to Islam[^50]; or much earlier in the 8th century, when king
Kyriakos invaded Egypt and caused chaos there attempting to liberate the Kyriakos invaded Egypt and caused chaos there attempting to liberate the
imprisoned patriarch Michael[^51]; or even in the heroic defense of imprisoned patriarch Michael[^51]; or even in the heroic defense of
Dongola in the 7^th^ century by king Qalidurut who signed the Dongola in the 7th century by king Qalidurut who signed the
much-discussed *baqt* with Abdalla ibn Sa'd.[^52] During the siege, the much-discussed *baqt* with Abdalla ibn Sa'd.[^52] During the siege, the
world came to know the might of the Nubian archers who were praised by world came to know the might of the Nubian archers who were praised by
the Arabic chroniclers and poets for centuries to come. The Old Nubian the Arabic chroniclers and poets for centuries to come. The Old Nubian
@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ One more detail from the field of Nubian iconography: a mural from Faras
housed at the National Museum of Warsaw represents an unnamed Eparch who housed at the National Museum of Warsaw represents an unnamed Eparch who
holds a bow,[^63] perhaps the weapon par excellence of Nubians, as we holds a bow,[^63] perhaps the weapon par excellence of Nubians, as we
mentioned in the reference to the successful defense of Dongola against mentioned in the reference to the successful defense of Dongola against
the invading Islamic army in the 7^th^ century. Admittedly, this is not the invading Islamic army in the 7th century. Admittedly, this is not
the only representation of an Eparch from Christian Nubia, but the sole the only representation of an Eparch from Christian Nubia, but the sole
iconographic witness of the links between the Eparch and warfare. iconographic witness of the links between the Eparch and warfare.
@ -573,7 +573,6 @@ Kingdoms of the Middle Nile." *Proceedings of the British Academy* 168
Esbroeck, Michel van. "Epimachus of Pelusium, Saint." In Esbroeck, Michel van. "Epimachus of Pelusium, Saint." In
*The Coptic Encyclopedia*, vol. 3, edited by Aziz S. *The Coptic Encyclopedia*, vol. 3, edited by Aziz S.
Atiya, pp. 965b-967a. New York: MacMillan, 1991. Atiya, pp. 965b-967a. New York: MacMillan, 1991.
\[https://ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cce/id/792\] last \[https://ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cce/id/792\] last
accessed in February 2021. accessed in February 2021.
@ -930,8 +929,8 @@ Vogel, pp. 113-43. Cologne: Heinrich Barth Institut 2013.
329; Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque 329; Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque
médiévale*, p. 93-112. médiévale*, p. 93-112.
[^52]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. [^52]: Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p.
639; [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque 639; Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque
médiévale*, p. 53-91. médiévale*, p. 53-91.
[^53]: Łajtar, "On the Name of the Capital of the Nubian [^53]: Łajtar, "On the Name of the Capital of the Nubian
@ -948,7 +947,7 @@ Vogel, pp. 113-43. Cologne: Heinrich Barth Institut 2013.
archangel Michael in Nubia". archangel Michael in Nubia".
[^57]: For the use of the title archistratēgos for the archangel [^57]: For the use of the title archistratēgos for the archangel
Raphael, see [Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Raphael, see Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage
Centre in Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Centre in Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper
Church at Banganarti*, p. 46. Church at Banganarti*, p. 46.