From 9dd9bb0e6e8293271ea02b6936d9e83ff47d3371 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alexandros Tsakos Date: Thu, 5 Jan 2023 17:16:28 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] davies bib --- content/article/davies.md | 508 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 254 insertions(+), 254 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/article/davies.md b/content/article/davies.md index cf5b2bc..bf92902 100644 --- a/content/article/davies.md +++ b/content/article/davies.md @@ -1075,147 +1075,147 @@ colonial outlooks. # Bibliography -[Abd el-Gawad]{.smallcaps}, Heba, and Alice [Stevenson]{.smallcaps}. +Abd el-Gawad, Heba, and Alice Stevenson. "Egypt's Dispersed Heritage: Multi-directional Storytelling through Comic Art." *Journal of Social Archaeology* 21, no. 1 (2021): pp. 121--145. https://doi.org/10.1177/146960532199292 -[Abt]{.smallcaps}, Jeffrey. *American Egyptologist: The Life of James +Abt, Jeffrey. *American Egyptologist: The Life of James Henry Breasted and the Creation of His Oriental Institute*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Toward a Historian's Laboratory: The +---------. "Toward a Historian's Laboratory: The Breasted-Rockefeller Museum Projects in Egypt, Palestine, and America." *Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt* 33 (1996): pp. 173--194. -[Ambridge]{.smallcaps}, Lindsay J. "History and Narrative in a Changing +Ambridge, Lindsay J. "History and Narrative in a Changing Society: James Henry Breasted and the Writing of Ancient Egyptian History in Early Twentieth Century America." PhD diss. University of Michigan, 2010. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Imperialism and Racial Geography in James +---------. "Imperialism and Racial Geography in James Henry Breasted's Ancient Times, a History of the Early World." *Journal of Egyptian History* 5 (2012): pp. 12--33. -[Ashby]{.smallcaps}, Solange, and Talawa [Adodo]{.smallcaps}. "Nubia as +Ashby, Solange, and Talawa Adodo. "Nubia as a Place of Refuge: Nile Valley Resistance against Foreign Invasion." In *New Perspectives on Ancient Nubia*, edited by Solange Ashby and Aaron Brody. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, forthcoming. -[Asociación ANDES]{.smallcaps}. "ANDES Communiqué, May 2011: Genographic +Asociación ANDES. "ANDES Communiqué, May 2011: Genographic Project Hunts the Last Incas." May 14, 2011. Accessed August 10, 2022. https://www.slideshare.net/BUENOBUONOGOOD/andes-communique-genographicprojecthuntsthelastincas. -[Baker]{.smallcaps}, Shamim M., Otis W. [Brawley]{.smallcaps}, and -Leonard S. [Marks]{.smallcaps}. "Effects of Untreated Syphilis in the +Baker, Shamim M., Otis W. Brawley, and +Leonard S.[Marks. "Effects of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, 1932 to 1972: A Closure Comes to the Tuskegee Study, 2004." *Urology* 65,6 (2005): pp. 1259--62. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.10.023. -[Baker]{.smallcaps}, Lieutenant Colonel (ret.) William. *The Brownsville +Baker, Lieutenant Colonel (ret.) William. *The Brownsville Texas Incident of 1906: The True and Tragic Story of a Black Battalion's Wrongful Disgrace and Ultimate Redemption*. Fort Smith, AR: Red Engine Press, 2020. -[Beatty]{.smallcaps}, Mario H., and Vanessa [Davies]{.smallcaps}. +Beatty, Mario H., and Vanessa Davies. "African Americans and the Study of Ancient Egypt." forthcoming. -[Bednarski]{.smallcaps}, Andrew, Aidan [Dodson]{.smallcaps}, and Salima -[Ikram]{.smallcaps}. *A History of World Egyptology*. Cambridge: +Bednarski, Andrew, Aidan Dodson, and Salima +Ikram. *A History of World Egyptology*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. -[Bernasconi]{.smallcaps}, Robert. "Black Skin, White Skulls: The +Bernasconi, Robert. "Black Skin, White Skulls: The Nineteenth Century Debate over the Racial Identity of the Ancient Egyptians." *Parallax* 13 (2007): pp. 6--20. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Crossed Lines in the Racialization Process: +---------. "Crossed Lines in the Racialization Process: Race as a Border Concept." *Research in Phenomenology* 42 (2012): pp. 206--28. -[Bieze]{.smallcaps}, Michael. *Booker T. Washington and the Art of +Bieze, Michael. *Booker T. Washington and the Art of Self-representation*. New York: Peter Lang, 2008. -[Bieze]{.smallcaps}, Michael Scott, and Marybeth [Gasman]{.smallcaps}, +Bieze, Michael Scott, and Marybeth Gasman, eds. *Booker T. Washington Rediscovered*. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. -[Breasted]{.smallcaps}, James Henry. Directors Correspondence. Records. +Breasted, James Henry. Directors Correspondence. Records. Oriental Institute Museum Archives of the University of Chicago. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *A History of Egypt*. New York: Charles +---------. *A History of Egypt*. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1905. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *Ancient Times: A History of the Early World*. +---------. *Ancient Times: A History of the Early World*. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1916. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *Ancient Times: A History of the Early World*. +---------. *Ancient Times: A History of the Early World*. 2nd ed. Boston: Ginn and Company, \[1916\] 1935. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Recovery and Decipherment of the Monuments of +---------. "Recovery and Decipherment of the Monuments of Ancient Ethiopia." *The Biblical World* 32.6 (Dec 1908): pp. 370, 376--385. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *The Conquest of Civilization*. New York: +---------. *The Conquest of Civilization*. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1926. -[Breasted]{.smallcaps}, James H., and Carl F. [Huth, Jr]{.smallcaps}. *A +Breasted, James H., and Carl F. Huth, Jr. *A Teacher's Manual Accompanying the Breasted-Huth Ancient History Maps*. Chicago: Denoyer-Geppert Company, 1918. -[Buzon]{.smallcaps}, Michele R., Stuart Tyson [Smith]{.smallcaps}, and -Antonio [Simonetti]{.smallcaps}. "Entanglement and the Formation of the +Buzon, Michele R., Stuart Tyson Smith, and +Antonio Simonetti. "Entanglement and the Formation of the Ancient Nubian Napatan State." *American Anthropologist* 118,2 (2016): pp. 284--300. -[Capo Chichi]{.smallcaps}, Sandro. "On the Relationship between Meroitic +Capo Chichi, Sandro. "On the Relationship between Meroitic and Nigerian Aegides." In *New Perspectives on Ancient Nubia*, edited by Solange Ashby and Aaron Brody. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, forthcoming. -[Challis]{.smallcaps}, Debbie. *The Archaeology of Race: The Eugenic +Challis, Debbie. *The Archaeology of Race: The Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie*. London: Bloomsbury, 2013. -[Davies]{.smallcaps}, Vanessa. "Egypt and Egyptology in the Pan-African +Davies, Vanessa. "Egypt and Egyptology in the Pan-African Discourse of Marcus and Amy Jacques Garvey." *Mare Nostrum* 13,1 (2022): pp. 147--178. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Pauline Hopkins' Literary Egyptology." +---------. "Pauline Hopkins' Literary Egyptology." *Journal of Egyptian History* 14 (2021): pp. 127--44. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *Peace in Ancient Egypt*. Leiden: Brill, 2018. +---------. *Peace in Ancient Egypt*. Leiden: Brill, 2018. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "W. E. B. Du Bois, a new voice in Egyptology's +---------. "W. E. B. Du Bois, a new voice in Egyptology's disciplinary history." *ANKH: Revue d'égyptologie et des civilisations africaines* 28/29 (2019--2020): pp. 18--29. -[Dawood]{.smallcaps}, Azra. "Building Protestant Modernism: John D. +Dawood, Azra. "Building Protestant Modernism: John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Architecture of an American Internationalism (1919--1939)." PhD diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Failure to Engage: The Breasted-Rockefeller +---------. "Failure to Engage: The Breasted-Rockefeller Gift of a New Egyptian Museum and Research Institute at Cairo (1926)." MA thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010 -[Doyon]{.smallcaps}, Wendy. "On Archaeological Labor in Modern Egypt." +Doyon, Wendy. "On Archaeological Labor in Modern Egypt." In *Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures*, edited by William Carruthers, pp. 141--156. New York: Routledge, 2015. -[Du Bois]{.smallcaps}, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868--1963 +Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868--1963 (MS 312). Robert S. Cox Special Collections and University Archives Research Center. UMass Amherst Libraries. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil*. New +---------. *Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil*. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Lecture in Baltimore (December 1903)." In +---------. "Lecture in Baltimore (December 1903)." In *Against Racism: Unpublished Essays, Papers, Addresses, 1887--1961*, edited by Herbert Aptheker, pp. 74--77. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1985. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *The Autobiography of W. E. B. DuBois: A +---------. *The Autobiography of W. E. B. DuBois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century*. (n.p.): International Publishers, \[1968\] 2003. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *The Souls of Black Folk*. 1903. With +---------. *The Souls of Black Folk*. 1903. With introduction by Ibram X. Kendi and notes by Monica M. Elbert. Reprint, New York: Penguin, 2018. @@ -1225,82 +1225,82 @@ Breasted-Huth Ancient History Maps*. Adapted from the large wall maps edited by James Henry Breasted and Carl F. Huth, and Samuel Bannister Harding. Chicago: Denoyer-Geppert Company, 1967. -[Faraji]{.smallcaps}, Salim. *The Roots of Nubian Christianity +Faraji, Salim. *The Roots of Nubian Christianity Uncovered*. 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Y. -[Keita]{.smallcaps}, Jean-Luc [Gourdine]{.smallcaps}, and Alain -[Anselin]{.smallcaps}. "Ancient Egyptian Genomes from Northern Egypt: +Gourdine, Jean-Philippe, Shomarka O. Y. +Keita, Jean-Luc Gourdine, and Alain +Anselin. "Ancient Egyptian Genomes from Northern Egypt: Further Discussion." *ANKH: Revue d'égyptologie et des civilisations africaines* 28/29 (2019--2020): pp. 155--161. -[Gray]{.smallcaps}, Fred D. *The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Real Story +Gray, Fred D. *The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Real Story and Beyond*. Montgomery, AL: NewSouth Books, 2013. -[Haley]{.smallcaps}, Shelley P. "Black Feminist Thought and Classics: +Haley, Shelley P. "Black Feminist Thought and Classics: Re-membering, Re-claiming, Re-empowering." In *Feminist Theory and the Classics*, edited by Nancy Rabinowitz and Amy Richlin, pp. 23--43. New York: Routledge, 1993. https://pressbooks.claremont.edu/clas112pomonavalentine/chapter/haley-shelley-1993-black-feminist-thought-and-classics-re-membering-re-claiming-re-empowering-in-feminist-theory-and-the-classics-edited-by-nancy-rabinowitz-and-amy-richlin-2. -[Hall]{.smallcaps}, Raymond L., ed. *Black Separatism and Social +Hall, Raymond L., ed. *Black Separatism and Social Reality: Rhetoric and Reason*. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon, 1977. -[Hansberry]{.smallcaps}, William Leo. *Pillars in Ethiopian History: The +Hansberry, William Leo. *Pillars in Ethiopian History: The William Leo Hansberry African History Notebook*. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1974. -[Harlan]{.smallcaps}, Louis R., ed. *The Booker T. Washington Papers, +Harlan, Louis R., ed. *The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume 1: The Autobiographical Writings*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume 4: +---------. *The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume 4: 1895--98*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975. -[Harper]{.smallcaps}, William Rainey. *The Trend in Higher Education*. +Harper, William Rainey. *The Trend in Higher Education*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1905. -[Hassan]{.smallcaps}, Fekri. "The African Dimension of Egyptian +Hassan, Fekri. "The African Dimension of Egyptian Origins." Nile Valley Collective website. May 11, 2021. https://nilevalleycollective.org/african-dimension-of-egyptian-origins -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Memorabilia: Archaeological Materiality and +---------. "Memorabilia: Archaeological Materiality and National Identity in Egypt." In *Archaeology under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East*, edited by Lynn Meskell, pp. 200--216. New York: Routledge, 1998. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203029817. -[Heard]{.smallcaps}, Debora D. "The Barbarians at the Gate: The Early +Heard, Debora D. "The Barbarians at the Gate: The Early Historiographic Battle to Define the Role of Kush in World History." *Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections* 35 (2022): pp. 68--92. -[Jaggs]{.smallcaps}, Andrew. "Maat - Iwa. Affinities between Yoruba and +Jaggs, Andrew. "Maat - Iwa. Affinities between Yoruba and Kemet in the divine realm and ritual of the God-King, within the context of the Niger and Nile." PhD diss. University College London, 2020. -[Keita]{.smallcaps}, S. O. Y. "Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and +Keita, S. O. Y. "Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and 'Identity': An Etic Perspective." Forthcoming. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Ideas about 'Race' in Nile Valley Histories: A +---------. "Ideas about 'Race' in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of 'Racial' Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from 'Black Pharaohs' to Mummy Genomes." *Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections* 35 (2022): pp. 93--127. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Mass Population Migration vs. Cultural +---------. "Mass Population Migration vs. Cultural Diffusion in Relationship to the Spread of Aspects of Southern Culture to Northern Egypt during the Latest Predynastic: A Bioanthropological Approach." In *Egypt at Its Origins 6: Proceedings of the Sixth @@ -1309,34 +1309,34 @@ Dynastic Egypt", Vienna, 10th--15th September 2017*, edited by E. Christiana Köhler, Nora Kuch, Friederike Junge, and Ann-Kathrin Jeske, pp. 323--39. OLA 303. Leuven: Peeters, 2021. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian +---------. "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships." *History in Africa* 20 (1993): pp. 129--54. -[Langer]{.smallcaps}, Christian. "The Informal Colonialism of +Langer, Christian. "The Informal Colonialism of Egyptology: From the French Expedition to the Security State." In *Critical Epistemologies of Global Politics*, edited by Marc Woons and Sebastian Weier. Bristol, England: E-International Relations Publications, 2017. https://www.e-ir.info/publication/critical-epistemologies-of-global-politics. -[Lemos]{.smallcaps}, Rennan. "Beyond Cultural Entanglements: +Lemos, Rennan. "Beyond Cultural Entanglements: Experiencing the New Kingdom Colonization of Nubia 'from Below.'" In *New Perspectives on Ancient Nubia*, edited by Solange Ashby and Aaron Brody. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, forthcoming. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Can We Decolonize the Ancient Past? Bridging +---------. "Can We Decolonize the Ancient Past? Bridging Postcolonial and Decolonial Theory in Sudanese and Nubian Archaeology." *Cambridge Archaeological Journal* (2022): pp. 1--9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774322000178. -[Lewis]{.smallcaps}, David Levering. *W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography*. +Lewis, David Levering. *W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography*. New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2009. -[Malvoisin]{.smallcaps}, Annissa. "Geometry and Giraffes: The Cultural +Malvoisin, Annissa. "Geometry and Giraffes: The Cultural and Geographical Landscape of Meroitic Pottery." Paper presented at the virtual Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt, 2020. -[Minor]{.smallcaps}, Elizabeth. "Decolonizing Reisner: A Case Study of a +Minor, Elizabeth. "Decolonizing Reisner: A Case Study of a Classic Kerma Female Burial for Reinterpreting Early Nubian Archaeological Collections through Digital Archival Resources." In *Nubian Archaeology in the XXIst Century: Proceedings of the Thirteenth @@ -1344,12 +1344,12 @@ International Conference for Nubian Studies, Neuchâtel, 1^st^--6^th^ September 2014*, edited by Matthieu Honegger, pp. 251--262. Leuven: Peeters, 2018. -[Monroe]{.smallcaps}, Shayla. "Animals in the Kerma Afterlife: Animal +Monroe, Shayla. "Animals in the Kerma Afterlife: Animal Burials and Ritual at Abu Fatima Cemetery." In *New Perspectives on Ancient Nubia*, edited by Solange Ashby and Aaron Brody. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, forthcoming. -[Mudimbe]{.smallcaps}, V. Y. *The Invention of Africa*. Bloomington: +Mudimbe, V. Y. *The Invention of Africa*. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. Rockefeller @@ -1362,72 +1362,72 @@ Archive Center. Illinois, October 16--22, 1898*. https://archive.org/details/officialprogram00nati/page/4/mode/2up. -[Parsons]{.smallcaps}, Geoffrey. *The Stream of History*. New York: +Parsons, Geoffrey. *The Stream of History*. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1928. -[Quirke]{.smallcaps}, Stephen. "Exclusion of Egyptians in +Quirke, Stephen. "Exclusion of Egyptians in English-directed Archaeology 1882--1922 under British Occupation of Egypt." In *Ägyptologen und Ägyptologien zwischen Kaiserreich und Gründung der beiden deutschen Staaten*, edited by Susanne Bickel, Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert, Antonio Loprieno, and Sebastian Richter, pp. 379--406. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2013. -[Reid]{.smallcaps}, Donald M. "Indigenous Egyptology: The Decolonization +Reid, Donald M. "Indigenous Egyptology: The Decolonization of a Profession?" *Journal of the American Oriental Society* 105, no. 2 (1985): pp. 233--246. -[Riggs]{.smallcaps}, Christina. "Colonial Visions: Egyptian Antiquities +Riggs, Christina. "Colonial Visions: Egyptian Antiquities and Contested Histories in the Cairo Museum." *Museum Worlds* 1, no. 1 (2013): pp. 65--84. https://doi.org/10.3167/armw.2013.010105. -[Sabry]{.smallcaps}, Islam Bara'ah. "Anti-blackness in Egypt: Between +Sabry, Islam Bara'ah. "Anti-blackness in Egypt: Between Stereotypes and Ridicule. An Examination on the History of Colorism and the Development of Anti-blackness in Egypt." MA Thesis. Åbo Akademi University, 2021. -[Schuenemann]{.smallcaps}, Verena J. et al. "Ancient Egyptian mummy +Schuenemann, Verena J. et al. "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods." *Nature Communications* 8, 15694 (May 2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15694. -[Scott]{.smallcaps}, Emmett Jay, and Lyman Beecher [Stowe]{.smallcaps}. +Scott, Emmett Jay, and Lyman Beecher [Stowe]{.smallcaps}. *Booker T. Washington: Builder of a Civilization*. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1916. -[Smith]{.smallcaps}, Stuart Tyson. "'Backwater Puritans'? Racism, +Smith, Stuart Tyson. "'Backwater Puritans'? Racism, Egyptological Stereotypes, and Cosmopolitan Society at Kushite Tombos." *Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections* 35 (2022): pp. 190--217. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Stranger in a Strange Land: Intersections of +---------. "Stranger in a Strange Land: Intersections of Egyptology and Science Fiction on the Set of *Stargate*." *Aegyptiaca*, forthcoming. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and +---------. *Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt's Nubian Empire*. London: Routledge, 2003. -[Somet]{.smallcaps}, Yoporeka. *L'Égypte ancienne: Un système Africain +Somet, Yoporeka. *L'Égypte ancienne: Un système Africain du monde*. Le Plessis-Trévise, France: Teham Éditions, 2018. -[TallBear]{.smallcaps}, Kim. *Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and +TallBear, Kim. *Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "The Emergence, Politics, and Marketplace of +---------. "The Emergence, Politics, and Marketplace of Native American DNA." In *Routledge Handbook of Science, Technology, and Society*, edited by Daniel Lee Kleinman and Kelly Moore, pp. 21--37. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2014. -[Templeton,]{.smallcaps} Alan R. "Human Races: A Genetic and +Templeton, Alan R. "Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective." *American Anthropologist* 100, no. 3 (1998): pp. 632--650. -[Terrell]{.smallcaps}, Mary Church. *A Colored Woman in a White World*. +Terrell, Mary Church. *A Colored Woman in a White World*. Reprint edition. Salem, NH: Ayer Company, 1986. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "Secretary Taft and the Negro Soldiers." +---------. "Secretary Taft and the Negro Soldiers." *Independent* 65 (July 23, 1908): pp. 189--190. -[Teslow]{.smallcaps}, Tracy. *Constructing Race: The Science of Bodies +Teslow, Tracy. *Constructing Race: The Science of Bodies and Cultures in American Anthropology*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. @@ -1438,18 +1438,18 @@ Chicago Library. *The Industrial Art League*. (pamphlet) \[Chicago: The League, c. 1902\]. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100699361. -[Thomas]{.smallcaps}, Nancy, ed. *The American Discovery of Ancient +Thomas, Nancy, ed. *The American Discovery of Ancient Egypt: Essays*. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1996. -[Thompson]{.smallcaps}, Jason. *Wonderful Things: A History of +Thompson, Jason. *Wonderful Things: A History of Egyptology*. 3 vols. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2015--2018. -[Triggs]{.smallcaps}, Oscar Lovell. *Chapters in the History of the Arts +Triggs, Oscar Lovell. *Chapters in the History of the Arts and Crafts Movement*. Chicago: The Bohemia Guild of the Industrial Art League, 1902. -[Tuck,]{.smallcaps} Eve, and K. Wayne [Yang.]{.smallcaps} +Tuck, Eve, and K. Wayne [Yang.]{.smallcaps} "Decolonization Is Not a Metaphor." *Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society* 1, no. 1 (2012): pp. 1--40. @@ -1457,71 +1457,71 @@ Education & Society* 1, no. 1 (2012): pp. 1--40. Publications. Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center. University of Chicago Library. -[Washington]{.smallcaps}, Booker T. *Character Building*. New York: +Washington, Booker T. *Character Building*. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1902. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2013. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. "The Fruits of Industrial Training." *The +---------. "The Fruits of Industrial Training." *The Atlantic* (October 1903). https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1903/10/the-fruits-of-industrial-training/531030. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *The Man Farthest Down: A Record of Observation +---------. *The Man Farthest Down: A Record of Observation and Study in Europe*. Originally published by The Outlook Company, 1911. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1912. -[---------]{.smallcaps}. *Up From Slavery*. Garden City, NY: Doubleday +---------. *Up From Slavery*. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1901. https://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/washington/washing.html. -[Wengrow]{.smallcaps}, David. "Landscapes of Knowledge, Idioms of Power: +Wengrow, David. "Landscapes of Knowledge, Idioms of Power: The African Foundations of Ancient Egyptian Civilization Reconsidered." In *Ancient Egypt in Africa*, edited by Andrew Reid and David O'Connor, pp. 121--35. New York: Routledge, 2007. -[Wengrow]{.smallcaps}, David, Michael [Dee]{.smallcaps}, Sarah -[Foster]{.smallcaps}, Alice [Stevenson]{.smallcaps}, and Christopher -[Bronk Ramsey]{.smallcaps}. "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of +Wengrow, David, Michael Dee, Sarah +Foster, Alice Stevenson, and Christopher +Bronk Ramsey. "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: A Prehistoric Perspective on Egypt's Place in Africa." *Antiquity* 88,339 (2014): pp. 95--111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00050249. -[Williams]{.smallcaps}, Martin. *When the Sahara Was Green: How Our +Williams, Martin. *When the Sahara Was Green: How Our Greatest Desert Came to Be*. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021. -[Williams]{.smallcaps}, Vernon J., Jr. *Rethinking Race: Franz Boas and +Williams, Vernon J., Jr. *Rethinking Race: Franz Boas and His Contemporaries*. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1996. -[Wilson]{.smallcaps}, John A. "James Henry Breasted." In *National +Wilson, John A. "James Henry Breasted." In *National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Biographical Memoirs, Vol. 18*, pp. 95--121. Washington: National Academy of Sciences, 1938. -[Witynski]{.smallcaps}, Max. "100 years ago, Georgiana Simpson made +Witynski, Max. "100 years ago, Georgiana Simpson made history as the first Black woman to graduate with a Ph.D." *UChicago News*. June 10, 2021. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/100-years-ago-georgiana-simpson-made-history-first-black-woman-graduate-phd. -[^1]: [Terrell]{.smallcaps}, *A Colored Woman*, p. 191. The author would +[^1]: Terrell, *A Colored Woman*, p. 191. The author would like to thank the Rockefeller Archive Center, the Oriental Institute Museum Archives, and the University of Chicago Special Collections for permission to publish their materials in this article. -[^2]: [Scott]{.smallcaps} and [Stowe]{.smallcaps}, *Booker T. +[^2]: Scott and Stowe, *Booker T. Washington*, p. 153. -[^3]: [Terrell]{.smallcaps}, *A Colored Woman*, pp. 190--191. +[^3]: Terrell, *A Colored Woman*, pp. 190--191. -[^4]: [Washington]{.smallcaps}, *Up From Slavery*, pp. 1--2. +[^4]: Washington, *Up From Slavery*, pp. 1--2. -[^5]: [Washington]{.smallcaps}, *Up From Slavery*, pp. 8--9. +[^5]: Washington, *Up From Slavery*, pp. 8--9. -[^6]: [Washington]{.smallcaps}, "The Fruits of Industrial Training." +[^6]: Washington, "The Fruits of Industrial Training." -[^7]: [Du Bois]{.smallcaps}, *The Souls of Black Folk*, p. 67. +[^7]: Du Bois, *The Souls of Black Folk*, p. 67. -[^8]: [Washington]{.smallcaps}, *Character Building*, pp. 97--98. +[^8]: Washington, *Character Building*, pp. 97--98. -[^9]: [Du Bois]{.smallcaps}, "Lecture in Baltimore," pp. 76--77. +[^9]: Du Bois, "Lecture in Baltimore," pp. 76--77. [^10]: "Seeks No Social Equality" *The Daily Maroon*, December 11, 1906, p. 3, available online: @@ -1529,55 +1529,55 @@ https://news.uchicago.edu/story/100-years-ago-georgiana-simpson-made-history-fir the issue is mistakenly catalogued under the date November 12, 1906. [^11]: On Washington's motives behind his rhetoric, see, for example, - [Hall]{.smallcaps}, *Black Separatism and Social Reality*, and more - recently [Bieze]{.smallcaps} and [Gasman]{.smallcaps}, *Booker T. + Hall, *Black Separatism and Social Reality*, and more + recently Bieze and Gasman, *Booker T. Washington Rediscovered*. [^12]: For more on Terrell's impact in that sphere, see - [Haley]{.smallcaps}, "Black Feminist Thought and Classics." + Haley, "Black Feminist Thought and Classics." -[^13]: [Terrell]{.smallcaps}, *A Colored Woman*, pp. 191--193. +[^13]: Terrell, *A Colored Woman*, pp. 191--193. -[^14]: [Williams]{.smallcaps}, *Rethinking Race*, p. 62. +[^14]: Williams, *Rethinking Race*, p. 62. -[^15]: [Washington]{.smallcaps}, *Up From Slavery*, pp. 8--11. +[^15]: Washington, *Up From Slavery*, pp. 8--11. -[^16]: [Washington]{.smallcaps}, *Up From Slavery*, pp. 15--19. +[^16]: Washington, *Up From Slavery*, pp. 15--19. -[^17]: [Du Bois]{.smallcaps}, *The Autobiography of W. E. B. DuBois*, - pp. 126--28; [Lewis]{.smallcaps}, *W. E. B. Du Bois*, pp. 45, 69. +[^17]: Du Bois, *The Autobiography of W. E. B. DuBois*, + pp. 126--28; Lewis, *W. E. B. Du Bois*, pp. 45, 69. -[^18]: [Du Bois]{.smallcaps}, *Darkwater*, p. 15. +[^18]: Du Bois, *Darkwater*, p. 15. -[^19]: [Davies]{.smallcaps}, "W. E. B. Du Bois." +[^19]: Davies, "W. E. B. Du Bois." -[^20]: [Washington]{.smallcaps}, *Up From Slavery*, p. 126. +[^20]: Washington, *Up From Slavery*, p. 126. [^21]: For those figures, see Concerning circulation of the Crisis, 1918. Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868--1963 (MS 312), Robert S. Cox Special Collections and University Archives Research Center, UMass Amherst Libraries. -[^22]: [Goodspeed]{.smallcaps}, *William Rainey Harper*, p. 47. +[^22]: Goodspeed, *William Rainey Harper*, p. 47. -[^23]: [Harper]{.smallcaps}, *The Trend in Higher Education*, pp. +[^23]: Harper, *The Trend in Higher Education*, pp. 378--382. Harper was one of the founders of Joliet Junior College, the first public community college in the United States. [^24]: *The Industrial Art League*, \[p. 4\]. See also - [Triggs]{.smallcaps}, *Chapters in the History*. + Triggs, *Chapters in the History*. -[^25]: [Harlan]{.smallcaps}, *The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume +[^25]: Harlan, *The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume 1*, p. 84. -[^26]: [Harlan]{.smallcaps}, *The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume +[^26]: Harlan, *The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume 4*, pp. 472--473. -[^27]: [Washington]{.smallcaps}, *Up from Slavery*, pp. 253--54. +[^27]: Washington, *Up from Slavery*, pp. 253--54. [^28]: *Official Program of the National Peace Jubilee*. -[^29]: [Bieze]{.smallcaps}, *Booker T. Washington*, pp. 97--98. +[^29]: Bieze, *Booker T. Washington*, pp. 97--98. [^30]: University of Chicago. Office of the President. Harper, Judson and Burton Administrations. Records, 85, 14, Hanna Holborn Gray @@ -1612,106 +1612,106 @@ https://news.uchicago.edu/story/100-years-ago-georgiana-simpson-made-history-fir the afternoon procession to the Convocation. See photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu/db.xqy?show=browse1.xml\|3147. -[^36]: [Witynski]{.smallcaps}, "100 years ago, Georgiana Simpson made +[^36]: Witynski, "100 years ago, Georgiana Simpson made history." -[^37]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, "Recovery and Decipherment," p. 385. +[^37]: Breasted, "Recovery and Decipherment," p. 385. -[^38]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, "Recovery and Decipherment," p. 376. +[^38]: Breasted, "Recovery and Decipherment," p. 376. -[^39]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, "Recovery and Decipherment," p. 384. +[^39]: Breasted, "Recovery and Decipherment," p. 384. -[^40]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, "Recovery and Decipherment," pp. 378--80. +[^40]: Breasted, "Recovery and Decipherment," pp. 378--80. -[^41]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, "Recovery and Decipherment," pp. +[^41]: Breasted, "Recovery and Decipherment," pp. 384--385. -[^42]: Much on this topic has been written by [Reid]{.smallcaps} (e.g., - "Indigenous Egyptology") and [Quirke]{.smallcaps} (e.g., "Exclusion +[^42]: Much on this topic has been written by Reid (e.g., + "Indigenous Egyptology") and Quirke (e.g., "Exclusion of Egyptians"), as well as many others, for example, - [Riggs]{.smallcaps}, "Colonial Visions"; [Doyon]{.smallcaps}, "On - Archaeological Labor"; [Langer]{.smallcaps}, "Informal Colonialism"; - [Minor]{.smallcaps}, "Decolonizing Reisner"; [Lemos]{.smallcaps}, - "Can We Decolonize." Note too the statement by [Tuck]{.smallcaps} - and [Yang]{.smallcaps} ("Decolonization," pp. 1): "Decolonization + Riggs, "Colonial Visions"; Doyon, "On + Archaeological Labor"; Langer, "Informal Colonialism"; + Minor, "Decolonizing Reisner"; Lemos, + "Can We Decolonize." Note too the statement by Tuck + and Yang ("Decolonization," pp. 1): "Decolonization brings about the repatriation of Indigenous land and life; it is not a metaphor for other things we want to do to improve our societies and schools." -[^43]: [Goodspeed]{.smallcaps}, *William Rainey Harper*, pp. 116--17. +[^43]: Goodspeed, *William Rainey Harper*, pp. 116--17. [^44]: The other is George Reisner, professor at Harvard. See - [Davies]{.smallcaps}, "Egypt and Egyptology." + Davies, "Egypt and Egyptology." -[^45]: Letter from James Henry [Breasted]{.smallcaps} to Booker T. +[^45]: Letter from James Henry Breasted to Booker T. Washington, April 29, 1909. Breasted, James Henry. Directors Correspondence. Records. Box 013, Folder 033, OI Museum Archives of the University of Chicago. -[^46]: Letter from James Henry [Breasted]{.smallcaps} to Booker T. +[^46]: Letter from James Henry Breasted to Booker T. Washington, April 29, 1909. -[^47]: Letter from James Henry [Breasted]{.smallcaps} to Booker T. +[^47]: Letter from James Henry Breasted to Booker T. Washington, April 29, 1909. For Williams's perspective on Breasted - and Washington, see [Williams]{.smallcaps}, *Rethinking Race*, pp. + and Washington, see Williams, *Rethinking Race*, pp. 54, 72. -[^48]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, "Recovery and Decipherment," p. 376. +[^48]: Breasted, "Recovery and Decipherment," p. 376. [^49]: Ambridge described his conclusions as "deeply ethnocentric at - best"; [Ambridge]{.smallcaps}, "Imperialism and Racial Geography," + best"; Ambridge, "Imperialism and Racial Geography," p. 13. [^50]: The story of the original series of events and the inquiry is recounted by the person whose research resulted in a presidential - pardon: [Baker]{.smallcaps}, *The Brownsville Texas Incident*. + pardon: Baker, *The Brownsville Texas Incident*. -[^51]: [Baker]{.smallcaps}, *The Brownsville Texas Incident*, p. 13. +[^51]: Baker, *The Brownsville Texas Incident*, p. 13. -[^52]: [Baker]{.smallcaps}, *The Brownsville Texas Incident*, p. 219; - [Lusane]{.smallcaps}, *The Black History of the White House*. +[^52]: Baker, *The Brownsville Texas Incident*, p. 219; + Lusane, *The Black History of the White House*. -[^53]: [Baker]{.smallcaps}, *The Brownsville Texas Incident*, p. 240. +[^53]: Baker, *The Brownsville Texas Incident*, p. 240. -[^54]: [Terrell]{.smallcaps}, "Secretary Taft and the Negro Soldiers." +[^54]: Terrell, "Secretary Taft and the Negro Soldiers." -[^55]: [Terrell]{.smallcaps}, *A Colored Woman*, p. 278. +[^55]: Terrell, *A Colored Woman*, p. 278. -[^56]: Letter from Booker T. [Washington]{.smallcaps} to James Henry +[^56]: Letter from Booker T. Washington to James Henry Breasted, May 6, 1909. Directors Correspondence. Records. Box 013, Folder 033, OI Museum Archives of the University of Chicago. -[^57]: Letter from Booker T. [Washington]{.smallcaps} to James Henry +[^57]: Letter from Booker T. Washington to James Henry Breasted, May 6, 1909. [^58]: Histories of Egyptology consistently avoid engaging with the scholarship of African descended scholars both in the US and in - Africa outside of Egypt, for example, [Thomas]{.smallcaps}, - *American Discovery*; [Thompson]{.smallcaps}, *Wonderful Things*; - [Bednarski, Dodson,]{.smallcaps} and [Ikram]{.smallcaps}, *History + Africa outside of Egypt, for example, Thomas, + *American Discovery*; Thompson, *Wonderful Things*; + Bednarski, Dodson, and Ikram, *History of World Egyptology*. -[^59]: [Beatty]{.smallcaps} and [Davies]{.smallcaps}, "African - Americans"; [Davies]{.smallcaps}, "Egypt and Egyptology"; - [Davies]{.smallcaps}, "Pauline Hopkins' Literary Egyptology"; - [Davies]{.smallcaps}, "W. E. B. Du Bois." +[^59]: Beatty and Davies, "African + Americans"; Davies, "Egypt and Egyptology"; + Davies, "Pauline Hopkins' Literary Egyptology"; + Davies, "W. E. B. Du Bois." [^60]: On the formation of the question of the racial identity of ancient Egyptians, which arose among White researchers as "Europeans were becoming increasingly invested in the idea of their own preeminence," and Morton, Nott, and Gliddon, who popularized the idea that the ancient Egyptians were White, see - [Bernasconi]{.smallcaps}, "Black Skin, White Skulls." Also - [Smith]{.smallcaps}, "Stranger in a Strange Land." On the work of + Bernasconi, "Black Skin, White Skulls." Also + Smith, "Stranger in a Strange Land." On the work of Galton and Pearson, who worked with Egyptologist Flinders Petrie, - see [Challis]{.smallcaps}, *The Archaeology of Race*. One of + see Challis, *The Archaeology of Race*. One of Breasted's sources for his *Ancient Times* book who aligned with - these perspectives is [Parsons]{.smallcaps}, cited below. + these perspectives is Parsons, cited below. -[^61]: [Mudimbe]{.smallcaps}, *The Invention of Africa*, lays out the +[^61]: Mudimbe, *The Invention of Africa*, lays out the colonialist view of "Africa." I learned about this work from the - discussion in [TallBear]{.smallcaps}, *Native American DNA*, p. 147. - See also [Wengrow]{.smallcaps}, "Landscapes of Knowledge, Idioms of + discussion in TallBear, *Native American DNA*, p. 147. + See also Wengrow, "Landscapes of Knowledge, Idioms of Power," p. 134, who notes "The claim that Ancient Egypt arose upon 'African foundations' constitutes a powerful but vague rhetorical statement, which implies a historical relationship between what are, @@ -1720,31 +1720,31 @@ https://news.uchicago.edu/story/100-years-ago-georgiana-simpson-made-history-fir [^62]: See n. 112. -[^63]: [Washington]{.smallcaps}, *The Man Farthest Down*, p. 241. +[^63]: Washington, *The Man Farthest Down*, p. 241. [^64]: The set included an abridged student atlas, an unabridged atlas "especially suitable for teachers," and an accompanying teacher's - manual. See [Breasted]{.smallcaps} and [Huth]{.smallcaps}, *A + manual. See Breasted and Huth, *A Teacher's Manual*; also *European History Atlas*. -[^65]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, p. 13. +[^65]: Breasted, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, p. 13. [^66]: See his discussion of now-discredited theories about the differing head shapes among so-called races and his discussion of the "Semitic race," as if race were linked to language family; - [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, pp. 131 note, 160. - For more on this issue, see [Ambridge]{.smallcaps}, "Imperialism and - Racial Geography"; [Ambridge]{.smallcaps}, *History and Narrative*. + Breasted, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, pp. 131 note, 160. + For more on this issue, see Ambridge, "Imperialism and + Racial Geography"; Ambridge, *History and Narrative*. -[^67]: [Williams]{.smallcaps}, *Rethinking Race*, pp. 7--8. +[^67]: Williams, *Rethinking Race*, pp. 7--8. -[^68]: [Teslow]{.smallcaps}, *Constructing Race*, p. 68. Note that Boas +[^68]: Teslow, *Constructing Race*, p. 68. Note that Boas was not without prejudice to Africans, as Teslow outlines. -[^69]: [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Studies and Comments," p. 130. +[^69]: Keita, "Studies and Comments," p. 130. -[^70]: [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and 'Identity.'" - See also [Templeton]{.smallcaps}, "Human Races," p. 646: "Humans +[^70]: Keita, "Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and 'Identity.'" + See also Templeton, "Human Races," p. 646: "Humans show only modest levels of differentiation among populations when compared to other large-bodied mammals, and this level of differentia- tion is well below the usual threshold used to identify @@ -1753,30 +1753,30 @@ https://news.uchicago.edu/story/100-years-ago-georgiana-simpson-made-history-fir geographically circumscribed population showing sharp genetic differentiation." -[^71]: [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Studies and Comments," p. 129. For more on +[^71]: Keita, "Studies and Comments," p. 129. For more on the mistaken idea of "purity" in this context, see - [TallBear]{.smallcaps}, "The Emergence, Politics, and Marketplace." + TallBear, "The Emergence, Politics, and Marketplace." -[^72]: [Smith]{.smallcaps}, 'Backwater Puritans'?, p. 4. +[^72]: Smith, 'Backwater Puritans'?, p. 4. -[^73]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, p. 133. +[^73]: Breasted, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, p. 133. -[^74]: [Williams]{.smallcaps}, *When the Sahara Was Green*. +[^74]: Williams, *When the Sahara Was Green*. -[^75]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *A History of Egypt*, p. 25; - [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, "Recovery and Decipherment," pp. 378--80. +[^75]: Breasted, *A History of Egypt*, p. 25; + Breasted, "Recovery and Decipherment," pp. 378--80. -[^76]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *A History of Egypt*, p. 25; - [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, "Recovery and Decipherment," pp. 378--80. +[^76]: Breasted, *A History of Egypt*, p. 25; + Breasted, "Recovery and Decipherment," pp. 378--80. -[^77]: [Smith]{.smallcaps}, 'Backwater Puritans'?, p. 4. +[^77]: Smith, 'Backwater Puritans'?, p. 4. [^78]: "What the archaeological work is bringing to light, though, is the irrelevance of the race-based theory, as cultural identities do - not necessarily match or relate to race"; [Gatto]{.smallcaps}, "The + not necessarily match or relate to race"; Gatto, "The Nubian Pastoral Culture," p. 21. -[^79]: See, for example, [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *Ancient Times*, 2nd +[^79]: See, for example, Breasted, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, pp. 767, 770. His division of the continent of Africa repeated claims made by earlier writers. Parsons, a source cited in his second edition of *Ancient Times*, both mischaracterized Egypt as @@ -1792,148 +1792,148 @@ https://news.uchicago.edu/story/100-years-ago-georgiana-simpson-made-history-fir to essentially give the reader permission to be racist: "The truth is that anthropology can help very little as yet in solving the great racial problems. Man will have to rely upon his old racial - instincts." See [Parsons]{.smallcaps}, *The Stream of History*, pp. + instincts." See Parsons, *The Stream of History*, pp. 200, 143, 145--46. [^80]: For example, a recent study dispenses with the rather simplistic idea that the predynastic population of the northern Nile Valley was essentially replaced by a largescale migration of people from the south (Naqada). Instead, the study shows that migration occurred in - northern and southern directions. See [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Mass + northern and southern directions. See Keita, "Mass Population Migration." -[^81]: [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Studies and Comments," p. 130. +[^81]: Keita, "Studies and Comments," p. 130. -[^82]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *A History of Egypt*, p. 26. +[^82]: Breasted, *A History of Egypt*, p. 26. -[^83]: [Bernasconi]{.smallcaps}, "Crossed Lines," p. 227. +[^83]: Bernasconi, "Crossed Lines," p. 227. -[^84]: [Bernasconi]{.smallcaps}, "Crossed Lines," p. 226. +[^84]: Bernasconi, "Crossed Lines," p. 226. [^85]: "After the Glacial Age, when the ice, which had pushed far south across large portions of Europe and Asia, had retreated for the last time, it was the men of the Great White Race who moved in and - occupied these formerly ice-bound regions"; [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, + occupied these formerly ice-bound regions"; Breasted, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, p. 12 note. -[^86]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, p. 12 note. +[^86]: Breasted, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, p. 12 note. -[^87]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *The Conquest of Civilization*, p. 704. +[^87]: Breasted, *The Conquest of Civilization*, p. 704. -[^88]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *The Conquest of Civilization*, pp. +[^88]: Breasted, *The Conquest of Civilization*, pp. xii--xiii. [^89]: In a biography of Breasted written for the National Academy of Sciences, John Wilson of the Oriental Institute falteringly tries to defend Breasted's characterization of "an upward line" of "man's course" through history, but the effort falls terribly flat. - [Wilson]{.smallcaps}, "James Henry Breasted," p. 111. + Wilson, "James Henry Breasted," p. 111. -[^90]: [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, *Ancient Times*, p. 25. By the book's +[^90]: Breasted, *Ancient Times*, p. 25. By the book's second edition, his narrative had softened: "After men began cultivating food in the field and raising it on the hoof, they became for the first time food-producers. Being therefore able to produce food at home, they found it less necessary to go out as hunters and kill wild animals for food. The wandering life of - hunting, therefore, gradually changed"; [Breasted]{.smallcaps}, + hunting, therefore, gradually changed"; Breasted, *Ancient Times*, 2nd ed, p. 29. -[^91]: Letter from James Henry [Breasted]{.smallcaps} to Mr. +[^91]: Letter from James Henry Breasted to Mr. Rockefeller. Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Series 2 (FA335), Box 41, Folder 368, Rockefeller Archive Center. -[^92]: [Dawood]{.smallcaps}, "Failure to Engage"; [Dawood]{.smallcaps}, +[^92]: Dawood, "Failure to Engage"; Dawood, "Building Protestant Modernism." -[^93]: Letter from James Henry [Breasted]{.smallcaps} to Mrs. +[^93]: Letter from James Henry Breasted to Mrs. Rockefeller. Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, AA (FA336), Box 2, Folder 23, Rockefeller Archive Center. [^94]: On the issue of the museum as it pertained to contemporary - Egyptian politics, see [Abt]{.smallcaps}, "Toward a Historian's - Laboratory"; [Abt]{.smallcaps}, *American Egyptologist*. + Egyptian politics, see Abt, "Toward a Historian's + Laboratory"; Abt, *American Egyptologist*. -[^95]: Letter from James Henry [Breasted]{.smallcaps} to Mrs. +[^95]: Letter from James Henry Breasted to Mrs. Rockefeller. Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, AA (FA336), Box 2, Folder 23, Rockefeller Archive Center. -[^96]: [Abt]{.smallcaps}, "Toward a Historian's Laboratory," p. 177. +[^96]: Abt, "Toward a Historian's Laboratory," p. 177. -[^97]: [Baker]{.smallcaps}, [Brawley]{.smallcaps}, and - [Marks]{.smallcaps}, "Effects of Untreated Syphilis." +[^97]: Baker, Brawley, and + Marks, "Effects of Untreated Syphilis." [^98]: Much has been written about these injustices from the perspective of public health and medicine, as well as the social sciences. I choose to focus on Mr. Gray's narrative because of his involvement with the legal case that resulted in some compensation for the victims and the Belmont Report and subsequent laws protecting humans - as subjects of research; [Gray]{.smallcaps}, *The Tuskegee Syphilis + as subjects of research; Gray, *The Tuskegee Syphilis Study*, pp. 39--42. [^99]: Available at https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html. -[^100]: [Lemos]{.smallcaps}, "Can We Decolonize," p. 13. +[^100]: Lemos, "Can We Decolonize," p. 13. -[^101]: [Gray]{.smallcaps}, *The Tuskegee Syphilis Study*, pp. 45--46. +[^101]: Gray, *The Tuskegee Syphilis Study*, pp. 45--46. -[^102]: [TallBear]{.smallcaps}, *Native American DNA*, p. 146. +[^102]: TallBear, *Native American DNA*, p. 146. -[^103]: [TallBear]{.smallcaps}, *Native American DNA*, pp. 146--47. In +[^103]: TallBear, *Native American DNA*, pp. 146--47. In assessing the data that DNA testing companies provide to consumers about their own genetic material, she writes, "Thus we must ask for whom are particular forms of genetic knowledge power (or profit), - and at whose expense?" [TallBear]{.smallcaps}, "The Emergence, + and at whose expense?" TallBear, "The Emergence, Politics, and Marketplace," p. 22. -[^104]: [Schuenemann]{.smallcaps}, "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes." +[^104]: Schuenemann, "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes." -[^105]: [Gourdine]{.smallcaps}, [Keita]{.smallcaps}, - [Gourdine]{.smallcaps}, and [Anselin]{.smallcaps}, "Ancient Egyptian +[^105]: Gourdine, Keita, + Gourdine, and Anselin, "Ancient Egyptian Genomes." -[^106]: [Asociación ANDES]{.smallcaps}, "ANDES Communiqué." I found this - source via [TallBear]{.smallcaps}, *Native American DNA*, p. 194. +[^106]: Asociación ANDES, "ANDES Communiqué." I found this + source via TallBear, *Native American DNA*, p. 194. -[^107]: [TallBear]{.smallcaps}, *Native American DNA*, p. 153. +[^107]: TallBear, *Native American DNA*, p. 153. -[^108]: [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Studies and Comments," p. 149. +[^108]: Keita, "Studies and Comments," p. 149. -[^109]: On ethnic stereotypes, see [Smith]{.smallcaps}, *Wretched Kush*, +[^109]: On ethnic stereotypes, see Smith, *Wretched Kush*, pp. 6--7. But note that "there are no texts from the Egyptians or Kushites that present an identification scheme of peoples *designated by their color*" (emphasis in the original); - [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Ideas about 'Race,'" p. 100. On the formal art + Keita, "Ideas about 'Race,'" p. 100. On the formal art of temple and elite tomb contexts as a vehicle for the expression of - state ideology, see [Smith]{.smallcaps}, *Wretched Kush*, esp. chap. - 7; [Davies]{.smallcaps}, *Peace in Ancient Egypt*, esp. pp. 12--13. + state ideology, see Smith, *Wretched Kush*, esp. chap. + 7; Davies, *Peace in Ancient Egypt*, esp. pp. 12--13. -[^110]: [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Ideas about 'Race,'" p. 110. +[^110]: Keita, "Ideas about 'Race,'" p. 110. -[^111]: [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and - 'Identity;'" [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Ideas about 'Race,'" p. 112, 116. +[^111]: Keita, "Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and + 'Identity;'" Keita, "Ideas about 'Race,'" p. 112, 116. [^112]: See n. 59 for some articles that give examples of scholars doing this work in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Another famous example is the work of the Senegalese scholar Cheikh Anta Diop. More recent examples include [Ashby]{.smallcaps} and - [Adodo]{.smallcaps}, "Nubia as a Place of Refuge"; - [Buzon]{.smallcaps}, [Smith]{.smallcaps}, and - [Simonetti]{.smallcaps}, "Entanglement"; [Capo Chichi]{.smallcaps}, - "On the Relationship"; [Faraji]{.smallcaps}, *The Roots of Nubian - Christianity*; [Gatto]{.smallcaps}, "The Nubian Pastoral Culture"; - [Hansberry]{.smallcaps}, *Pillars in Ethiopian History*; - [Hassan]{.smallcaps}, "Memorabilia"; [Heard]{.smallcaps}, - "Barbarians at the Gate"; [Jaggs]{.smallcaps}, "Maat - Iwa"; - [Keita]{.smallcaps}, "Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and 'Identity'"; - [Lemos]{.smallcaps}, "Beyond Cultural Entanglements"; - [Malvoisin]{.smallcaps}, "Geometry and Giraffes"; - [Monroe]{.smallcaps}, "Animals in the Kerma Afterlife"; - [Smith]{.smallcaps}, "'Backwater Puritans'?"; [Somet]{.smallcaps}, - *L'Égypte ancienne*; [Wengrow]{.smallcaps}, "Landscapes of + Adodo, "Nubia as a Place of Refuge"; + Buzon, Smith, and + Simonetti, "Entanglement"; Capo Chichi, + "On the Relationship"; Faraji, *The Roots of Nubian + Christianity*; Gatto, "The Nubian Pastoral Culture"; + Hansberry, *Pillars in Ethiopian History*; + Hassan, "Memorabilia"; Heard, + "Barbarians at the Gate"; Jaggs, "Maat - Iwa"; + Keita, "Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and 'Identity'"; + Lemos, "Beyond Cultural Entanglements"; + Malvoisin, "Geometry and Giraffes"; + Monroe, "Animals in the Kerma Afterlife"; + Smith, "'Backwater Puritans'?"; Somet, + *L'Égypte ancienne*; Wengrow, "Landscapes of Knowledge." [^113]: On these issues, see Sabry, "Anti-blackness in