**Table 1. Ama – Mandal – PKN correspondences[^16]**
[^16]: For the purpose of clarity, the different spelling conventions adopted for writing the various modern Nubian languages in the Latin script have been unified in this paper. Thus, the following digraphs are replaced by single IPA symbols: *sh → ʃ*; *ch → c*; *ny → ɲ*; and *ng → ŋ.* Consonantal characters with diacritics are replaced as follows, *š → ʃ*; *ğ, ǵ → j*; *ń, ñ → ɲ*; *ṅ > ŋ.* The IPA symbol *ɟ,* however, is replaced by *j.* Long vowels are rendered by two identical vowel symbols, e.g., *ii,* rather than by a vowel plus colon (e.g., *i:*) or a vowel with a macron (e.g., *ī*). To facilitate the comparison of the language data from different sources, alveolar stops are rendered by *t* and *d*; the corresponding dentals being represented by *t̪* and *d̪*.
@ -139,25 +138,34 @@ The Old Nubian *-(i)r*-extension has two variants, *-ar* and *-ur,* which are of
[^40]: The examples are drawn from Browne, *Old Nubian Dictionary.*
Although Van Gerven Oei conceives *-(i)r* as a “transitive” suffix which is used “to make an intransitive verb transitive,”[^41] *-(i)r* can be shown to add an argument with the role of causer to the base verb. Moreover, it is not restricted to intransitive verbs but also found on transitive bases such as ⲟⲟⲕ and ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲗ deriving ditransitive stems. For this reason, *-(i)r* behaves like a typical causative extension and should be referred to by the term causative.
[^41]: Van Gerven Oei, *A Reference Grammar of Old Nubian,* §13.2.1.
The ditransitive construction derived by the causative *-(i)r*-extension on the verb ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲗ “learn” can be illustrated by the following example. Assigning the role of causer to the addressee of the request, the causative of the transitive verb allows two accusative-marked arguments, the first being assigned the role of causee and the second the role of patient.[^ex7]
The ditransitive construction derived by the causative *-(i)r*-extension on the verb ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲗ “learn” can be illustrated by the following example. Assigning the role of causer to the addressee of the request, the causative of the transitive verb allows two accusative-marked arguments, the first being assigned the role of causee and the second the role of patient.
[^ex7]: Example from Van Gerven Oei, *A Reference Grammar of Old Nubian,* ex. ??? (gr 2.4).
Browne points out that the “causative element may be weakened and become apparently redundant,”[^43] that is, some verbs can occur with or without the *-(i)r*-suffix without a change in their meaning.
@ -598,21 +606,29 @@ The characteristic semantic, syntactic, and morphological properties of converbs
[^117]: Lepsius’s German translation reads: “angekommen gingen sie zu ihm.”
In (105) the converb expresses an event which is simultaneous with the event designated by the main verb. In this latter case the converb can be interpreted as an adverbial modifier of the main verb.[^118]
[^118]: Example from Lepsius, *Nubische Grammatik,* p. 364.
In the Nile Nubian languages, converbs share the same subject with the main verb.[^119] Whereas main verbs are fully inflected, the range of inflectional morphemes on converbs is strongly restricted: they do not take tense, negation and cross-referencing subject markers. Derivational extensions and aspect markers, by contrast, do occur on converbs, as attested by the pluractional *‑(i)j* on *kaj-j-a* in (104), and the perfective markers *‑ed* and *‑os ~ ‑oos*[^120] illustrated in (106).
vincentwj
3 years ago