@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ women and children, since they are often entirely neglected.[^20]
The Kawa III stela of Taharqa (Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Æ.I.N. 1707, Columns 22-23) informs us that the king provided the
temple of Amun with male and female servants, and the children of the
rulers (*wr.w*) of Tjehenu (Libyans).[^21] The Kawa VI (Khartoum SNM
rulers (*ḥḳ3.w*) of Tjehenu (Libyans).[^21] The Kawa VI (Khartoum SNM
2679, line 20-21) stela informs us that the temple of Amun in Kawa was
filled with, among other others, female servants, wives of the rulers of
Lower Egypt (*T3-mḥw*), and the children of the rulers of every foreign
@ -246,8 +246,7 @@ and feathers is also found as a bound prisoner on the pylon of the tomb
chapel of Begrawiya North 6 (the tomb of Amanishakheto).[^48] It is also
depicted on the east wall painting from the small temple M292, better
known because of the head of a statue of Augustus, which was buried in
front of its entrance, as well as a representation of the so-called
Roman prisoner on the same wall painting.[^49] According to Florian Wöß,
front of its entrance.[^49] According to Florian Wöß,
this type of enemy can be classified as an Inner African Type. It is
most numerous among Meroitic depictions of enemies and Wöß argues that
it could have therefore represented a real threat to the Meroites.[^50]
@ -452,7 +451,7 @@ contrasted to the vulvas which should receive them,[^85] we can argue
that, in both cases, bulls stand for men, or at least masculinity, in
both the human and animal world. It is interesting that on the Triumphal
stela of Piye women from the palace of the Lower Egyptian king Nimlot
paid homage to Piye "after the manner of women" (*m* *ḫt**ḥm.wt*).[^86]
paid homage to Piye "after the manner of women" (*m* *ḫt**ḥm.wt*).[^86]
Maybe this indicates that there was also a manner in which men are
supposed to pay homage to the king, and that the defeated kings and
counts of Lower Egypt failed to do this, or at least the text wants us
@ -490,7 +489,7 @@ sources.[^89]
# Meroitic Non-royal and Royal Women in War
In Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE), Agatharchides reports how the
Ethiopians employed women in war: "They also arm their women, defining
Aethiopians employed women in war: "They also arm their women, defining
for them a military age. It is customary for most of these women to have
a bronze ring through one of their lips".[^90] This is repeated by
Strabo in first century CE.[^91]
@ -572,14 +571,14 @@ bound enemies.[^102]
**~~Figure 4. Amanishakheto spearing enemies, pylon, pyramid Begrawiya North 6, line drawing (Chapman & Dunham. *Decorated Chapels of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 17).~~**
**~~Figure 5. Shanakdakheto sitting on a throne with bound enemies underneath, north wall, pyramid Begrawiya North 11, line drawing (Chapman & Dunham. *Decorated Chapels of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 7A).~~**
**~~Figure 5. Shanakdakheto (?) sitting on a throne with bound enemies underneath, north wall, pyramid Begrawiya North 11, line drawing (Chapman & Dunham. *Decorated Chapels of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 7A).~~**
Bound enemies are additionally depicted under the throne of the queen on
the north wall of pyramid Begrawiya North 11 attributed to
Shanakdakheto, ca. 170-125 BCE (Figure 5).[^103] Nine bows, the
Shanakdakheto (Figure 5).[^103] Nine bows, the
traditional symbol for enemies originating from ancient Egypt, are
depicted under the throne of Amanitore of the 1st century CE (Figure
6), just as they are depicted under the throne of Natakamani in the
@ -668,7 +667,7 @@ potential traces of trauma on the skeletons would be more indicative,
however both could also be found in burials without such associated
weapons. Nevertheless, one should not exclude the possibility that
Meroitic queens made military decisions, just like, for example, the
17th Dynasty queen Ahhotep or the 18th Dynasty queen Hatshepsut in
17th Dynasty queen Ahhotep or the 18th Dynasty female pharaoh Hatshepsut in
Egypt,[^113] though they probably did not fight in war. The depictions
of Meroitic queens smiting enemies should be seen in the context of
royal ideology. Unlike Egyptian queens, who are depicted as women
